Ferns are classified under which phylum?

Ferns are classified under Phylum Pteridophyta, which encompasses vascular plants that reproduce via spores rather than seeds. Pteridophyta is specifically characterized by the presence of well-developed leaves, known as fronds, and a life cycle that includes both a sporophyte and a gametophyte stage. This group is distinct from bryophytes (like mosses) that lack vascular tissue and do not have true roots, stems, or leaves, and are less complex in structure.

Chlorophyta refers to green algae, which are primarily aquatic and differ significantly from ferns in structure and reproduction. Angiospermae, or flowering plants, are characterized by seed production and fruits, placing them in an entirely different grouping separate from ferns. Thus, among the options provided, Phylum Pteridophyta is the only one that accurately represents the classification of ferns, highlighting their unique characteristics as vascular, spore-producing plants.