What phenomenon describes the adhesion of water molecules to surrounding materials?

The adhesion of water molecules to surrounding materials is accurately described by capillarity. This phenomenon occurs when water molecules adhere to the surfaces of solid materials, such as glass or soil, which allows water to move upward against the force of gravity in narrow spaces. This is significant in various biological contexts, such as how plants draw water up from their roots through narrow xylem vessels.

Cohesion, while related, refers specifically to the attraction between water molecules themselves, not to the relationship between water and other materials. Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from plant leaves, contributing to water movement but not directly explaining adhesion. Evaporation is the phase change from liquid to gas, which does not involve adhesion of water molecules. Thus, understanding capillarity is essential for appreciating how water interacts with different surfaces.